William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay - 1324 Words

William Shakespeare’s famously philosophical play Hamlet epitomizes the revenge tragedy; the play’s characters are forced to act vengefully only to result in a bloody, dismal ending. The most obvious instance of revenge in the play is that of Hamlet against Claudius whom corruptly becomes the king of Denmark after he murders Hamlet’s father. Spurred by the ghost of the deceased king, Hamlet sways between moods of adamancy and half-hearted uncertainty in his quest to repay his father’s life, a task which proves complicated. Christian doctrine plays a key role in the play as it pervades Hamlet’s and the other revenge seekers’ lives and forces them to reconcile their actions with their moral obligations, tying together the idea of†¦show more content†¦The ghost takes advantage of this by demanding that Hamlet take action against Claudius â€Å"If thou didst ever thy dear father love† (1.5.24). Coupling the injustice of his father’s punishment in purgatory—Claudius having killed him before he had time to repent—with his filial obligation both innate and deemed by the Fifth Commandment, Hamlet is forced to seek vengeance. In his search for justice, Hamlet wavers between bouts of vigor and near enthusiasm, such as when he says, â€Å"Now could I drink hot blood / And do such bitter business as the day / Would quake to look on,† and dismay at his unwillingness to enact revenge, such as when he says, â€Å"O cursà ¨d spire / That ever I was born to set it right!† (3.2.333-35; 2.1.197-98). The reasons behind the reciprocal moods lie in the Bible. According to Numbers 35 and Deuteronomy 19, Hamlet is justified in seeking revenge since the law of Moses states that a man who has suffered the murder of kin is allowed to kill the culprit (Moore 1). In addition, Exodus 21:22-25 establishes the idea of lex talionis, an eye for an eye, which further accounts for Hamlet’s role as an avenger against the man who has slain his father. â€Å"This is most brave, / That I, the son of a dear father murdered, / Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell. . .,† Hamlet states in aShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. The majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in Hamlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet964 Words   |  4 Pagesunsatisfactory situation. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, a characters inability to overcome their weakness due to it being emphasized by their unfortunate circumstance results in their tragic downfall. This is illustrated through Hamlets over thinking, Claudiuss ambition, and Gertrudes naive persona. Hamlets character is one that is very thoughtful and conscious, however some view these qualities as procrastination and over thinking. Even Hamlet himself acknowledges this inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet745 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet is a unique character due to his unpredictability. He is attempting to discover the truth in a way that no other character of Shakespeare’s has done. We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. He goes off on his own, and he is bewilderedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn one of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, has deep meaning and sorrow to its story. It has one of the most famous soliloquies ever to be written in theater art, â€Å"To be, or not to be.† At first, reading Shakespeare’s writing seems difficult to understand and be interested in, but as the reader reads on and digs into the roots of the play, it truly grabs the reader’s attention and makes him/her want to know more of the thoughts behind Hamlet. Thus, the story of Hamlet begins and his personality shows throughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet 2214 Words   |   9 PagesMadness within: Bipolar William Shakespeare had the uncanny ability to read people then put into words how individuals reacted with one another. His most known playwright is â€Å"Hamlet†. Hamlet leads the opening of the play with grandeur; but, when his father’s ghost of comes to visit him telling of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed him. Hamlet schemes a plan pursuing revenge. Hamlet demonstrates depression exceptionally, in the presence of his mother and Uncle Claudius. Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2474 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet When first introduced to Hamlet he is a character full of pain and confusion, still mourning his father’s death, ‘But two months dead-nay, not so much, not two’.[1] The punctuation here highlights Hamlet’s anguish. Significantly, Hamlet is already portrayed as a misfit, as no one else within the court but Hamlet is wearing mourning clothes; in Shakespeare’s time it would have been worn for at least a year following the death of a king.

Stress Management Introduction Free Essays

Stress is a stage produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to the person’s dynamic balance or equilibrium. It is a natural part of life but Hans Selye defines it as â€Å"the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. † That means good things (for example, a job promotion) to which we must adapt (termed eustress) and bad things (for example, the death of a loved one) to which we must adapt (termed distress). We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other individuals explain stress as a person’s physical and psychological reaction to the demands in his or her life. Furthermore, Selye was really onto something. His research proved so interesting and important that he drew a large number of followers. One of these was A. T. W Simeons who related evolution to psychosomatic disease. He also stated that when our self- esteems to threatened, the brain prepares the body with the fight-or-flight response. People use the word â€Å"stress† in various ways: as an external force that causes a person to become tense or upset, as the internal state of arousal, and as the physical response of the body to various demands. In other words, the body reacts to stressors – the things that upset or excite us – in the same way, whether they are positive or negative. In addition, it is further characterized as: (1) it is a product of unpleasant environment emanating from negative experience, (2) it is a person’s response to chaotic set of environment and (3) it is a gap between the requirements of a situation and the ability to meet such. Background of the study In 2008, Reynolds and Turner believed that stress is a multifaceted phenomenon that may even have beneficial effects in some cases. Other researchers have added to the work of Cannon, Selye, Simeons, and others to shed more light on the relationship of stress to body processes. With this understanding has come a better appreciation of which illnesses and diseases are associated with stress and how to prevent these conditions from developing. Others also helped clarify the effects of stress. Stewart Wolf demonstrated its effects on digestive function; Lawrence Leshan studied its effects on the development of cancer; Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman identified relationship between stress and coronary heart diseases; and Wolf and Wolff studied stress and headaches. Others in fact have found ways of successfully treating people with stress-related illness. The ABC model which was formulated by Albert Ellis shows how distress is the result of our beliefs about events rather than of the events themselves. According to him, an activating event triggers people to form an irrational or negative belief about it, which in turn shapes the consequences and of the event. On the other hand, a stressor is any stimulus from internal or external environment which challenges the adaptation capabilities of an individual and places a strain upon the person resulting to a stressful reaction or illness. It has a potential of triggering a fight-or-flight response. As far as anyone can tell, internal psychological stressors are rare or even absent in most animals but present in humans. This stressor for which our bodies were evolutionarily trained is a threat to our safety. We encounter many different types of stressor. Some are environmental (toxins, heat, cold), some psychological (threats to self-esteem, depression), others sociological (unemployment, death of loved one), and still others philosophical (use of time, purpose in life). Now that you know what a stressor is and what stress reactivity is, it is time to define stress itself. Defining stress becomes a problem, even for the experts. Still another view of stress conceptualizes it as the difference between pressure and adaptability. That is, stress = pressure – adaptability. For our purpose, we will operationally define stress as the combination of a stressor and stress reactivity. Without both of these components, there is no stress. Dr. Hans Selye, one of the first people to study stress, divides people into 2 categories: racehorses and turtles. A racehorse loves to run and will die from exhaustion if it is corralled or confined in a small space. A turtle on the other hand will die from exhaustion if it is forced to run on a treadmill, moving too fast for its slow nature. We each have to find our own healthy stress level, somewhere between that of the racehorse and the turtle. The key in coping with stress is realizing that your perception and response to stressors are crucial. Changing the way you interpret the events or situations – a skill called â€Å"reframing† – can make all the difference. Physical reactions to stress are muscle tension, sweating, over alertness, dry mouth or throat, chest discomfort, sleep problems, fast and shallow breathing and butterflies in the stomach. Emotional reactions to stress are feeling under pressure, feeling tense and unable to relax, increased tearfulness, feelings of conflict, feeling mentally drained, frustration of aggression, fears of social embarrassment, being constantly frightened, increasing irritability/ complaining, lacking inability to feel pleasure and the Feeling of mentally drained. Dealing with the effects of stress, you can minimize many of the physical effects of stress by utilizing these single self-help techniques. For headache, have a warm bath or lie down quietly for a few hours to relieve it. For palpitations, breathe deeply and slowly to encourage your heartbeat to return to normal. For loss of appetite, eat small portions of food that you find appetizing and take your time eating. For rapid breathing, try â€Å"Breathing to Relax technique† by breathing slowly and deeply through your nose and out to your mouth, expanding your abdomen as you breathe in. For sweating, loosen tight garments and shed any extra layers of clothing. For increased urination, restrict your intake of fluid, especially tea and coffee, if you know you are going to be in a stressful situation and for reduce sex drive, explain to your partner that your loss of interest is temporary and not a rejection of him or her. To Manage stress one should (1) Get priorities right, (2) Exercise regularly, (3) Learn to delegate, (4) Make space for leisure time, (5) Try to develop a social network, (6) Have a proper breaks for meal, (7) Listen carefully to those around you, (8) Try to keep things in proportion, (9) Get to know yourself better and (10) Enjoy yourself, and your family and friends. Statement of the Problem 1. ) Why do people need to know the effects of stress to one’s health? 2. ) How does stress arise among people? 3. ) How can people deal with stress? 4. ) How can stress be evaluated? 5. Why do college students more prone to stress than high school students? Objectives of the study This study aims: 1. ) To distinguish the different effects of stress to one’s health/being. 2. ) To explain how stress arise among people/ individual. 3. ) To discuss several ways on how people can deal with stress. 4. ) To evaluate stress levels. 5. ) To differentiate college and high school student’s stress probability. Significance of the Study 1. ) Students. It will help them particularly the higher students (the colleges) because they experience several problems, financially, love life, wrong time management and more. Stress has a relation to their academic performance. 2. ) Workers. They experience work blues because of their doubts about their job, their co workers and more. It may be helpful to them. 3. ) Family. It will be helpful to them for different problems like for bills, foods, clothes and other things needed in the family makes the parents or the bread winner stress. 4. ) Government and other institution’s people. Since they are responsible for the welfare of the people, they are prone to stress. Different problems of the community were blamed to them, that’s why this is helpful to them. How to cite Stress Management Introduction, Essays

Performance of UK Economy-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignment

Question: Choose a Country and intro the Economy Real GDP, GDP growth rate, Real GDP Capita analysis Define and explain how each indicator measures performance of the Economy. Answer: Introduction The United Kingdom (UK) economy ranks fifth as appraised by nominal GDP and ninth as accounted by GDP per capita in the globe. UKs service sector contributes to around 80% of total GDP in the economy. In addition, the aerospace, pharmaceutical and financial services industry plays a crucial function in contributing growth of this nation. The UKs GDP increased at lower rate by around 0.2% between 2016 and the first quarter of 2017. The growth of UKs GDP slowed down due to fall in retail and manufacturing industries, but the manufacturing and finance industries continues to grow at a higher rate. Another indicator that slowed this economys growth is inflation rate that rose by around 2.6% in 2017. Besides, the rate of unemployment in UK falls to 4.5% in 2017 from the previous year, which was 4.9%. This report reflects on how the macroeconomic indicators including GDP growth, rate of unemployment and inflation impacts on the countrys economic performance (Antal and Van den Bergh, 2013). Furthermore, UKs economic performance trend over the years has been discussed in this report. In addition, measures adopted by the UK government for achieving production output, full employment and stable price are also highlighted in this report. Discussion Analyzing growth rate in UK economy GDP is termed as the total value of products produced within the geographical border over a certain period. Real GDP is one of the macroeconomic indicators that measure the economic output value with respect to its change in price (Argy, 2013). GDP per capita measures the economic output of nation that deems on respective countries GDP with respect to its entire population. However, rise in per capita GDP signals improvement in living standards and productivity. Respective nations government uses this indicator for analyzing the purchasing power and growth of the economy. Growth rate in real GDP determines the change in economys GDP in terms of percentage over the years. Macroeconomic indicator determining UKs economic performance The countries consider real GDP as a good index in determining its performance as it involves the fluctuating product value expressed in terms of money (Chaiechi, 2012). However, it gives an idea about the total output of the nation with decrease in distortion because of certain factors including inflation and fluctuations in currency rate. Real GDP per capita is mainly adjusted for rate of inflation for determining the workforce productivity of the nation (Nalewaik, 2012). On the contrary, this indicator does not consider technology influence over the production output. Hence, these indicators help in comparing the countries production output and forecasting recession in an accurate manner. UK economys performance trends Recent data reflects that per capita GDP in UK in the year 2016 was 40,096 and 37,813 in the first quarter of 2017. This highlights on the fact that the GDP of this economy declines by 5.69% in the present year. The UKs real GDP growth rate averaged to 0.61% over the years. The service and retail sectors of UK contributed mainly to this slow GDP growth of UK (Denis and Kannan, 2013). This sector increased by 0.8% in 2016 but in the first quarter of 2017 the growth slowed down to 0.3%. In addition, UKs production sector has reduced to 0.4% in quarter 2 of 2017 from the previous year. Moreover, the deceleration in the above sectors occurred due to increase in prices. After Brexit, the currency value of UK decreased by nearly 15% to 20%. However, the GDP in UK showed a reduction of 0.7% from 2016 to 2017 and this reflects a downward trend of the nations current performance. The statistic reflects that real GDP growth rate increased every year except during recession phase. Thus, during this period the UKs GDP decreased by 4.3%, although in the year 2014 the GDP growth rate peaked to 3.1%. Figure 1: GDP PER CAPITA TREND IN UK FROM 2007-2017 Source: (Authors creation) Figure 2: GROWTH RATE OF REAL GDP IN UK FROM 2007-2017 Source: (As created by author) Measures adopted by UK government for achieving production output performance Productivity is a vital determinant of long- term nations growth rate. Productivity has a direct connection with the countrys living standards. However, increase in growth of productivity improves the nations living standards. This leads to the stronger growth of countrys GDP, which in turn decreases the budget deficit of the government and raises the tax revenues. UK s production output has stagnated since recession (Martin and Milas, 2013). In 2017, the production output level has been recorded to around 0.4% low, as it was earlier in 2007. The annual productivity growth rate of this economy in 2017 estimated to around 0.3%. Due to this low productivity level, the UKs government adopted certain measures in order to improve production output performance. The government of UK has designed 15-point plan of productivity for boosting nations productivity in future. They also proclaimed four-year commitment with the NPIF( National Productivity Investment Fund). Moreover, UKs government has implemented new industrial policies that includes that the market cannot fully dictate economys industrial structure (Rots and Maduko, 2014). The 15 measures that UKs government has adopted for designing the productivity plan are: The UK government has reduced corporation tax and income tax for incentivizing investment. They have improvised digital infrastructure in the firms that includes broadband speed and introduction of 4G. They strategized to invest more in energy sector in order to increase competition among the firms. The government of this nation also encouraged the firms in implementing advanced technology and recruiting skilled workforce. They also encourage the people to save more and invest in long term in order to raise the allowance of annual investment. Unemployment trends based on Unemployment rate Rate of unemployment refers to the jobless workforce percentage divided by total people in the workforce. Unemployment rate is considered as the lagging indicator and increase or decreases according to the economic conditions. Rate of unemployment and GDP growth of an economy is inversely related to each other. This means that increase in unemployment rate leads to fall in countrys GDP growth rate, which is stated by Okuns law (Levine, 2012). In addition, unemployment trends also depend on the economys rate of inflation. Therefore, Phillipss curve states that unemployment rate and inflation are inversely correlated. The UKs unemployment rate in 2017 fell to 4.5% from the previous year that accounted to 4.9%. Previous record reflects that UKs unemployment rate remained stable over the 10 years. UKs unemployment rate averaged to 7.10% over the years and this affected the GDP growth of the economy. Moreover, the decline in rate of unemployment resulted to increase in employment rate in the country. Therefore, decrease in unemployment rate enhances the UK real GDP growth rate. Figure 3: UK UNEMPLOYMENT RATE TREND FROM 2007-2017 Source: (As created by author) Types of Unemployment in UK economy Unemployment is basically divided into three parts namely structural, cyclical and frictional unemployment. Cyclical unemployment- It occurs when the goods overall demand in the country cannot bear full employment (Weale, 2015). The laborers become jobless due to depression in business cycle. However, as the output of the economy decreases, the business cycle declines and hence cyclical unemployment increases. Frictional unemployment- This situation results from turnovers in the labor market. It mainly occurs during the period when the employers are in search for jobs or transit in another job. Moreover, if the economy penetrates into phase of recession, frictional unemployment tends to reduce. It mainly exists in the country as disparity occurs between laborers and job. Structural unemployment- In this case, the rate remains high even after the recession period. Structural unemployment takes place due to advancement of technology and unskilled workforce in the industry (Mankiw, 2014). As the unskilled workers are unable to adopt the new technology, retrenchment takes place in the firms. Cyclical unemployment occurred in UK during the recession period. During this phase, the countries real GDP fell and production output of the firms also lowered. As a result, there occurs a decline in demand for laborers. Frictional unemployment always exists in UK as the individuals takes time in finding jobs. In addition, youth unemployment also exists in UK because of lack of skilled workers. Measures taken by the UK government for achieving full employment UK government have introduced Work program for replacing the schemes and projects of employment. It helps in providing personalized support to the applicant who in search for job. The government of UK also implemented Help to Work for those individuals who have done the work program and are still searching for job (Mishkin, 2012). The work coaches aid the individuals in knowing their needs and helping them to find the job and design their work plan. UKs government facilitates Youth in finding jobs through the introduction of Youth contract. This contract gives opportunities to the young people that include apprenticeships. They have also introduced Work Choice program for assisting the disabled people finding their jobs. The government adopted new policies for the older individuals who like to continue with the job even after retirement. Trends of Inflation based on Inflation rate Inflation occurs in an economy when the product price level rises and accordingly the currencies purchasing power falls. The Central Bank of every nation tries to bound inflation rate and evades deflation for keeping the economy running in a smooth way. The inflation rate of the nation is basically determined by consumer price index (CPI) that helps in tracking products prices over a particular period (Bils et al., 2012). The inflation trend in UK remained at steady level over the last ten years except in the year 2008 and 2011. The present inflation rate of UK accounts to 2.7%, which is quite high as compared to 2016 that recorded to1.6percentage. Figure 4: UK INFLATION RATE TREND FROM 2007-2017 Source: (As created by author) Explaining types and cause of inflation Inflation in economy is mainly classified into two parts namely demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Demand pull inflation arises when nation becomes nearer to full employment. Therefore, rise in economies aggregate demand leads to rise in product price level. However, it occurs due to trend in long run growth rate in the economy (Davig and Doh, 2014). Cost-push inflation occurs due to various factors that includes- increase in wages, prices of imports and raw material, low productivity and rise in taxes. In 2012, this economy has experienced increase in cost-push inflation because of currency depreciation against Euro. Cause of inflation in UK economy In this year, this nation has experienced rise in force of cost-push inflation. Despite low growth of the economy, this occurred due to rise in inflation rate (Gal, 2015). In addition, the factors that affected cost-push inflation are Sterling devaluation and increase in petrol prices. In 2017, the CPI level in UK recorded above the target level of 2% inflation rate. Government measure for achieving stable price Price stability is considered as the macroeconomic goal in stimulating the development of the economy. The monetary policy facilitates in keeping the price level stable (Mahadeva and Sterne, 2012). The central government of UK adopted certain macroeconomic policies for reaching the monetary equilibrium. The UKs government tries to keep the inflation rate below the target level that is 2% as it impacts on the performance of the economy. Moreover, the government tries to keep the interest rate high because this reduces the consumers saving. As a result, this pushes the products price level down and regulates the rate of inflation in the country. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above study that the health of every nation mainly depends on the macroeconomic indicators discussed in the above report. The present state of the UK nation highlights that growth rate of both real GDP and per capita GDP decreased from the last year. In 2017, the rate of inflation in UK increased from the preceding year and is above the target level, which is 2%. Although this nations unemployment rate in 2017 declined from the last year, the GDP growth rate increased by small rate. However, the UK government implements certain monetary policies to achieve full employment and stability in price level of the country. Thus, the government of this economy has adopted few measures for improving the health of the economy that was affected during the recession period. References Antal, M., Van den Bergh, J. C. (2013). Macroeconomics, financial crisis and the environment: Strategies for a sustainability transition.Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,6, 47-66. Argy, V. (2013).International macroeconomics: theory and policy. Routledge. Bils, M., Klenow, P. J., Malin, B. A. (2012). Reset price inflation and the impact of monetary policy shocks.The American Economic Review,102(6), 2798-2825. Chaiechi, T. (2012). Financial development shocks and contemporaneous feedback effect on key macroeconomic indicators: a post Keynesian time series analysis.Economic Modelling,29(2), 487-501. Davig, T., Doh, T. (2014). Monetary policy regime shifts and inflation persistence.Review of Economics and Statistics,96(5), 862-875. Denis, S., Kannan, P. (2013). The impact of uncertainty shocks on the UK economy. Gal, J. (2015).Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Levine, L. (2012). Economic growth and the unemployment rate. Mahadeva, L., Sterne, G. (Eds.). (2012).Monetary policy frameworks in a global context. Routledge. Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Martin, C., Milas, C. (2013). Financial crises and monetary policy: Evidence from the UK.Journal of Financial Stability,9(4), 654-661. Mishkin, F. S. (2012).Macroeconomics: Policy and practice. Pearson Education. Nalewaik, J. J. (2012). Estimating probabilities of recession in real time using GDP and GDI.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,44(1), 235-253. Rots, E., Maduko, F. (2014). MACROECONOMIC THEORY I. Tanveer Choudhry, M., Marelli, E., Signorelli, M. (2012). Youth unemployment rate and impact of financial crises.International journal of manpower,33(1), 76-95. Weale, M., Blake, A., Christodoulakis, N., Meade, J. E., Vines, D. (2015).Macroeconomic policy: inflation, wealth and the exchange rate(Vol. 8). Routledge.